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25

ZDRUŽBA BUKVE IN GOZDNEGA PLANINŠČKA
Homogyno sylvestris–Fagetum Marinček et al. 1993

   

Predalpske gozdove bukve in gozdnega planinščka lahko v širšem smislu uvrščamo med jelovo-bukove gozdove in so conalni gozdovi gorskega sveta predalpskega fitogeografskega območja, vendar ne gradijo strnjenega vegetacijskega pasu. Pojavljajo se sicer od Bovškega do skrajnih vzhodnih obronkov Savinjskih Alp, vendar na manjših površinah, v nadmorskih višinah od 900 do 1400 metrov. Na izrazito osojnih pobočjih se spustijo na 600 metrov nadmorske višine. Lokalne klimatske razmere osojnih leg gorskega predalpskega sveta modificirajo makroklimo predvsem v smislu večje zračne vlažnosti. Poraščajo zmerno strma do zelo strma in mestoma zelo kamnita pobočja. Redkeje so na zakraselih planotah in strmih dolomitnih pobočjih. Pod združbo je cela vrsta talnih tipov. Najpogostejša pa so srednje globoka rjava do globoka rjava pokarbonatna tla v mozaiku z rendzinami različnih razvojnih stopenj.

Diagnostična kombinacija rastlinskih vrst
Drevesna plast:
bukev (Fagus sylvatica), bela jelka (Abies alba), navadna smreka (Picea abies), beli javor (Acer pseudoplatanus), evropski macesen (Larix decidua).
Grmovna plast: Corylus avellana, Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena, Rosa pendulina, Rubus idaeus.
Zeliščna plast: Actaea spicata, Adenostyles glabra, Aremonia agrimonoides, Cardamine trifolia, Cyclamen purpurascens, Dentaria enneaphyllos, Dryopteris filix-mas, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Festuca sylvatica, Galeobdolon montanum, Homogyne sylvestris, Huperzia selago, Luzula luzuloides, Mycelis muralis, Ranunculus platanifolius, Senecio ovatus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Veronica urticifolia, Viola reichenbachiana.

Biološko stabilnost teh gozdov ohranja prebiralno gospodarjenje. Razmerje med prevladujočima drevesnima vrstama bukvijo in jelko zelo variira in je v največji meri odvisno od načina gospodarjenja. V gozdovih, kjer prevladujejo korenite sečnje, bukev lahko povsem prevlada nad jelko; mestoma pa so zaradi načrtnega iztrebljanja bukve skoraj čisti jelovi gozdovi. Smreka je stalno primešana, lokalno pa so na teh rastiščih njene monokulture. Beli javor je primešan posamično, prav tako macesen, predvsem na večjih nadmorskih višinah.

Sestojne razmere v teh gozdovih so zelo pisane. Prebiralna oblika se je ohranila predvsem v gozdovih v bližini kmetij. Veliko je enomernih gozdov. Predalpski gozdovi bukve in jelke so za marsikaterega gorskega kmeta zelo pomembna gospodarska osnova.

Združbo bukve in gozdnega planinščka uvrščamo v zvezo Aremonio-Fagion.

 

The Homogyno sylvestris–Fagetum is a zonal association of the mountain area of the prealpine phytogeographical region. However, it does not build a closed vegetation belt, and it moreover appears at an altitude ranging from 900 to 1,400 meters on sites from the Bovec area to the easternmost hillslopes of the Savinja Alps, although on smaller areas here. On pronouncedly shady slopes, it drops to an altitude of 600 meters. The microclimatic conditions prevailing on the shady sides of the montane in the prealpine region result in the change of the macroclimate, particularly relative to higher air humidity. It covers gently sloping to very steep and in places very stony slopes. On rare occasions they cover karst plateaus and steep dolomite slopes. There are numerous soil types beneath this association. Most frequent are brown, medium deep to deep chromic Cambisol in a mosaic with rendzic Leptosols of various development stages.

Diagnostic combination of plant species
Tree layer:
Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies, Acer pseudoplatanus, Larix decidua.
Shrub layer: Corylus avellana, Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena, Rosa pendulina, Rubus idaeus.
Herb layer: Actaea spicata, Adenostyles glabra, Aremonia agrimonoides, Cardamine trifolia, Cyclamen purpurascens, Dentaria enneaphyllos, Dryopteris filix–mas, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Festuca sylvatica, Galeobdolon montanum, Homogyne sylvestris, Huperzia selago, Luzula luzuloides, Mycelis muralis, Ranunculus platanifolius, Senecio ovatus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Veronica urticifolia, Viola reichenbachiana.

Forests that are biologically stable only exist if the forests are managed using the selection system. The proportion between the dominant tree species beech (Fagus sylvatica) and the European silver fir (Abies alba) varies considerably and depends to a great extent on the management method. In forests where radical clearing dominates, the beech may entirely prevail over the fir, while in places there are almost completely pure fir forests due to the planned selective cutting of beech trees. Spruce (Picea abies) is constantly added, and there are consequently local monocultural spruce stands. Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) is added individually, and European larch (Larix decidua) is added in the same way, particularly at higher altitudes.

The stand conditions in these forests vary greatly. Selectively managed forests are very frequent, particularly in forests near farms. There are many forests of even height. Very frequently, there are also monocultural spruce groves. The prealpine forests of beech and fir play an important economic role, providing a significant income for many mountain farms.

The Homogyno sylvestris–Fagetum is classified in the alliance Aremonio–Fagion.

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Marinček L. 1987: Bukovi gozdovi na Slovenskem, Delavska enotnost, Ljubljana. 153 s.
Marinček L. & I. Dakskobler 1988: Acidofilni jelovo-bukovi gozdovi predalpskega sveta Slovenije. Razprave IV. razreda SAZU 29(2): 29–67.
Marinček L. & A. Čarni 2002: Illyrian prealpine fir and beech forests ─ Homogyno sylvestris-Fagetum. Studia geobotanica (v tisku).

© ZRC SAZU

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